{"id":25057,"date":"2018-06-03T16:53:09","date_gmt":"2018-06-03T16:53:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mawtininews.com\/?p=25057"},"modified":"2018-06-03T16:53:09","modified_gmt":"2018-06-03T16:53:09","slug":"%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maghrebnews.ma\/?p=25057","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629” productive university \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639” \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c” \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636” Spillover. \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 “\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0636” \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a: \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u062e \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 …<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0641\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f (1991) Mansfield\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1\/10) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1975 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1985 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 7 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0644 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u06ad\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0634 (1995) Grilitches \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a (\u0643\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 …) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631Research and Development (RandD)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648 (2013)).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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